Auxiliary verbs:
What is an auxiliary verb in English?
• An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used together with a main verb to show time and continuity.
• Be and have are the primary auxiliaries.
• A primary auxiliary is used to construct compound tenses.
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• Be is used to make present continuous and past continuous tenses
• Examples:
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• I am working.
• Rob is using the computer.
• We were all wondering about that.
• Kevin was teaching in America in 1995.
• and also, for the passive:
• Examples:
• These books are sold in supermarkets.
• Martin was arrested and held overnight.
• Have is used to make present perfect and past perfect tenses.
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• Examples:
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• Stephen has finished fixing the car.
• George and Alice have seen the show already.
• Amanda had already eaten when we arrived.
• They had not expected to see us there.
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• Do is the supporting auxiliary. It is used in forming negatives, questions, and emphatic statements.
• Examples:
•
• I do not like sausages at all.
• Do you like prawns?
• You do like prawns, don’t you?
• Will, would, may, might, can, could, shall, should, and must are examples of modal auxiliary verbs, usually called simply, modal verbs.
• A modal verb allows us to talk about actions as possible, doubtful, or necessary.
• Examples:
•
• Charlie will go home on Friday.
• Charlie may go home on Friday.
• Charlie could go home on Friday.
• Charlie must go home on Friday.
• Auxiliaries can be combined together in a single verb phrase. For example, a verb phrase may consist of a modal + a form of have + a form of be + a form of a main verb.
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• Examples:
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• I could have been making a bad mistake by trusting him.
• Sara will have been living in New Zealand for 2 years next month.
• You must have been given the wrong number.
• The auxiliary verb, or if there is more than one of them, the first auxiliary verb, performs these following grammatical functions:
•
• 1- It shows tense and is the finite part of the verb phrase.
• Examples:
•
• I have seen it.
• She had seen it.
• She has been thinking.
• She had been thinking.
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• 2- It shows number and person agreement with the subject.
• Examples:
•
• She has seen it.
• They have seen it.
• I am looking for it.
• You are looking for it.
•
• 3- It will take any negative immediately after it.
•
• Examples:
•
• I do not want to do that.
• She has not been concentrating.
•4- It can come before the subject to make a question.
• Examples:
•
• Do you want to help us?
• Have you got a mobile phone?
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• Contracted forms:
•
• Auxiliaries are very often used in contracted forms.
In the case of be and have, the contracted form can involve linking the subject and the auxiliary verb into a single form e.g. I’m, I’ve, we’d, Sue’s (Sue has or Sue is).
• Examples:
•
• We’re back!
• (We are back!)
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• I’ve found it.
• (I have found it.)
• They’d gone when I got there.
• (They had gone when I got there.)
•
• Tom’s here.
• (Tom is here.)
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• The contracted negative form auxiliary + n’t is common with all the auxiliaries except am, e.g. hasn’t, wouldn’t, don’t.
• Examples:
•
• She isn’t (is not) trying.
• We don’t (do not) live here.
• He hasn’t (has not) seen it.
• I can’t (cannot) come.
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• In standard British English, the contracted form of am not, when it is part of a question, is aren’t I.
• Examples:
•
• Aren’t I going to need some matches?
• I’m getting a lift with you, aren’t I?
•
• Contracted forms are more informal than full forms. They are therefore more common in spoken English.
Full forms are usually preferred in formal written English.
•
•
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• Auxiliaries are used in sentence tags.
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• Examples:
•
• You had only just bought that carpet when the kitchen flooded, hadn’t you?
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• It’s Katie’s birthday on Saturday, isn’t it?
• You are joking, aren’t you?
•
• Auxiliaries are also used to make a short addition to a statement, such as:
• a positive addition to a positive statement, accompanied by so or too.
• Examples:
•
• I went to the park and Lucy did too.
• I loved the film, and so did Finlay.
•
• a negative addition to a negative statement, accompanied by neither or nor.
• Examples:
•
• My dad never eats mussels and neither do I.
• I don’t want to speak to William now. – Nor do I.
• I can’t understand it. – Neither can I.
• Auxiliaries can be used in positive sentences to give emphasis. When they are emphatic, they are never contracted.
• Examples:
•
• You have made a mess!
• That was a nice surprise!
• I am proud of Katie. She’s so clever.
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• In the present simple tense and the past simple tenses, the appropriate form of do is used to show emphasis.
•
•
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• Examples:
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• I do like Penny. – So, do I.
• We did have a lovely time.
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• An auxiliary on its own can be used to give a short answer to a question.
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• Whatever auxiliary is used in the question is used on its own in the answer. The main verb is not repeated.
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• Examples:
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• Short answers are very common in spoken English.
*Examples:
• Do you like avocados? – Yes, I do. or no, I don’t.
• Have you read anything by Michael Morpurgo? Yes, I have.
*Q and A session.
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