BPCENGLISHSCHOOL

  Climate change profoundly impacts ecosystems by forcing species to shift ranges, disrupting food webs, increasing extreme events like wildfires, and reducing resilience, leading to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and even extinctions, with marine life suffering from warming/acidification and terrestrial systems facing drought, insect outbreaks, and altered plant life, stressing nature's ability to provide essential services like clean water and food.  Key Impacts on Land:  * Habitat Shifts & Loss: Plants and animals move to cooler, higher elevations or latitudes, but can't always keep pace with rapid change, causing habitat fragmentation and loss. * Altered Timing (Phenology): Earlier berry ripening affects bear diets (e.g., less salmon), disrupting food webs. * Increased Disturbances: Hotter, drier conditions fuel more intense wildfires and insect outbreaks, destroying habitats. * Invasive Species: Stressed ecosystems allow invaders like cheatgrass to thrive, d...

  At B2 level, the "-ing" form (gerund/present participle) is used extensively for continuous tenses (e.g., I am working), as subjects/objects (Swimming is fun), after certain verbs (enjoy, avoid, finish), after prepositions (used to, look forward to), and in reduced relative clauses (the man sitting there), requiring fluency in recognizing patterns like "verb + -ing," "-ing" as nouns, and complex constructions like "with + -ing".  Key Uses at B2 Level: 1. Continuous Tenses: Forming present, past, future continuous tenses (e.g., She was cooking dinner). 2. Gerunds (Noun Form):     * As Subjects: Reading novels helps improve vocabulary.     * As Objects of Verbs: I enjoy reading.     * After Prepositions: Thanks for helping.     * After Certain Expressions: It's no use crying over spilled milk. 3. Verbs Followed by "-ing": Mastering verbs like admit, avoid, consider, dislike, finish, give up, miss, suggest, etc., that require the -in...

A factual talk is a type of presentation or discussion that provides information about a specific topic, often based on facts, data, and evidence. The goal is to inform or educate the audience about a subject, without expressing personal opinions or biases. *Characteristics of a factual talk:* - Presents information in a neutral tone - Focuses on verifiable facts and data - Often includes statistics, research findings, or expert opinions - Avoids emotional appeals or persuasive language - May include examples, illustrations, or anecdotes to support the information *Examples of factual talks:* - A presentation about the benefits of meditation, citing scientific studies - A lecture on the history of a particular country or culture - A report on the impact of climate change, referencing data and research - A product demonstration, highlighting features and specifications *Purpose of a factual talk:* - To educate or inform the audience about a topic - To raise awareness about an issue or t...

  Verbs with adverbs and prepositions at a B2 level include phrasal verbs (e.g., put up with, break in) and dependent prepositional verbs (e.g., apologize for, agree with, depend on). Phrasal verbs combine a verb with an adverb, a preposition, or both, often creating a new meaning, while dependent prepositions are fixed combinations that are always followed by a specific preposition.  Phrasal verbs  * verb + adverb: throw away * verb + preposition: ask for * verb + adverb + preposition: put up with  Dependent prepositional verbs: * Verb + for:     * apologize for something. Example: "He apologized for being late".     * depend on something. Example: "It depends on the weather".     * wait for. Example: "They are waiting for the bus". * Verb + at:     * arrive at a specific place. Example: "They are arriving at the airport".     * good at something. Example: "She is good at singing". * Verb + in:     * partic...